CO₂ reduction in companies: Strategic foundations and practical measures for a sustainable future
Tobias Martetschlaeger
-
Co-Founder & CEO
-
12Min. reading time
Corporate Sustainability
Climate change is no longer an abstract threat, but a reality. Extreme weather events, heat records, and melting glaciers highlight that action must be taken. Only through rapid, deep, and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions can the 1.5 or at least the 2-degree target still be met (IPCC, 2018). Climate protection is thus no longer just an option, but an urgent necessity – for society as well as for the economy. By reducing emissions, businesses actively contribute to achieving climate goals while securing their own future viability.
This article shows why the reduction of CO₂ emissions is indispensable for companies, how regulatory frameworks affect it, and which ten practical tips can be implemented immediately. It also discusses how climate protection can be integrated into corporate strategies in the long run. Companies thus receive both in-depth background knowledge and concrete approaches for starting a comprehensive climate strategy.
Basics of CO₂ Reduction
Why Companies Must Act Now
The causes of CO₂ emissions in companies are diverse. They arise not only from direct energy consumption in buildings and production facilities but also from mobility, business trips, waste, procurement, and especially in the supply chain. Studies show that the energy sector dominates with over 70 percent of global emissions, while agriculture, industry, and waste management contribute significant portions (Our World in Data, 2023). Companies therefore have numerous levers to address – and they bear a special responsibility because their activities have direct and indirect impacts on society and the environment.
This is not just about ecological responsibility. Scientific analyses clarify that the costs of future climate damages will be many times higher than the investments required today for effective emission reductions. A recent study shows that by 2050, enormous damages will befall the global economy if decisive action is not taken. Investments in climate protection are therefore significantly cheaper in the long term than inaction and simultaneously prevent even more severe consequences in the latter half of the century (Kotz et al., 2024). Moreover, reducing emissions saves costs in ongoing operations, avoids risks, and strengthens one's competitiveness. Even small changes, such as lowering the room temperature by one degree, can reduce energy consumption by about six percent. On a larger scale, investments in renewable energies or sustainable supply chains are crucial for remaining successful in the long term.
Benefits of Climate Protection Measures
Climate protection pays off from several perspectives. Companies that reduce CO₂ benefit from lower energy costs, more stable supply chains, and greater resilience to price fluctuations. At the same time, they improve their image with customers, investors, and (potential) employees. Studies show that more than half of employees would hesitate to work for a company that does not take ecological matters seriously (Stanford Social Innovation Review, 2023). Therefore, sustainability is not only a moral imperative but also a tool for securing skilled labor.
Furthermore, new business opportunities arise: Companies that develop innovative, climate-friendly products and services position themselves as pioneers and secure competitive advantages. Climate protection thus has an effect on three levels: ecological, economic, and social.
CO₂ and CO₂e: Basics for Accounting
To reduce emissions, companies must first understand where they occur. In practice, 'CO₂' is often used, but the correct term is CO₂e (CO₂ equivalents). This encompasses not only carbon dioxide but also other greenhouse gases like methane or nitrous oxide that have a significantly higher greenhouse potential (IPCC, 2018).
Accounting is done according to the so-called Scopes:
Scope 1: Direct emissions, e.g., from heating, own vehicles, or production facilities.
Scope 2: Indirect emissions from purchased energy such as electricity or district heating.
Scope 3: Other indirect emissions, for example, from the supply chain, business trips, or the use of products.
Scope 3 often makes the largest contribution but is also the most difficult to track. Therefore, companies should create a comprehensive CO₂ balance that takes all scopes into account. Modern solutions such as the software from Global Changer facilitate this task and provide a solid foundation for reduction measures.
Regulatory Framework: Why the CSRD is Central
Regulatory requirements for companies are rising rapidly. The CSRD (Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive), which applies in the European Union, is particularly relevant. It obliges more and more companies to transparently present their sustainability performance – not just roughly but according to detailed standards known as ESRS (European Sustainability Reporting Standards).
The CSRD requires companies to comprehensively record their emissions, establish clear reduction targets, and report progress in a verifiable manner. It is closely linked to the EU taxonomy, which defines what economic activities are considered sustainable. Thus, the CSRD is the central framework that companies must orient themselves toward. It goes far beyond voluntary initiatives and makes sustainability reporting a requirement.
Those who wish to delve into the details of implementing the CSRD will find a helpful overview of the most important innovations and challenges in the CSRD omnibus article from Global Changer.
An additional framework expressly recommended by the EU is the VSME (Voluntary Standard for SMEs), which was developed specifically for small and medium-sized enterprises that do not fall directly under the CSRD but still wish to implement structured ESG reporting. The standard is voluntary, but it aligns with the ESRS and offers a simplified structure for sustainability reports. It enables companies to gradually approach the CSRD requirements while also being compatible with the supply chain requirements of larger companies (EFRAG, 2024).
Ten Practical Tips for CO₂ Reduction
Strategic frameworks are important, but without concrete measures, they remain abstract. Therefore, it pays off to tackle this on the level of everyday work. The following ten tips show how companies can directly reduce emissions – practically and often tested.
1. Sustainable Procurement
The supply chain is the largest emission driver in many companies (CDP, 2021). By choosing sustainable suppliers, using environmentally friendly materials, and shifting to regional partners, emissions can be significantly reduced. Additionally, resilience increases, as regional supply chains are often more stable (McDougall & Davis, 2024).
2. Avoid and Recycle Waste
An effective waste management system not only improves the environmental balance but also saves costs. Digital document processes reduce paper consumption, while recycling programs and zero-waste initiatives provide additional benefits. Even though these measures may seem less spectacular, they contribute to a sustainable corporate culture.
3. Promote Green Commuting
Mobility causes significant emissions. Companies can counteract this by offering employees job tickets for public transport, establishing bike leasing models, or promoting car-sharing. Flexible working time models and the selection of a well-connected location also contribute to reducing commuting (Greenpeace, 2023).
4. Optimize Buildings Energy-wise
Improving building insulation is one of the most effective levers. Even small measures like installing smart thermostats can significantly reduce energy consumption. For new constructions, high standards should be prioritized from the outset, while renovations are worthwhile for existing buildings (Citadini de Oliveira et al., 2024).
5. Regular Maintenance
Many emissions result from inefficient systems. Leaks in compressed air systems or poorly maintained machines lead to energy losses. A structured maintenance plan extends the lifespan of equipment, reduces operating costs, and cuts emissions.
6. Enable Remote Work
Home office is not only a factor of flexibility but also an effective measure for emission reduction. If 25 percent of employees in Germany work from home for one day a week, 1.6 million tons of CO₂ can be saved annually (Greenpeace, 2020). Companies also benefit from more satisfied employees.
7. Raise Awareness and Train
Technical measures alone are not enough. Only when employees are informed about the importance of sustainability and actively involved can initiatives reach their full impact. Training, workshops, and inclusion in decision-making processes help create a shared understanding (Stanford Social Innovation Review, 2023).
8. Reduce Business Trips
Air travel is a significant emission driver. Companies should evaluate whether video conferences, train rides, or long-distance buses provide alternatives. On international flights, choosing economy class is significantly more climate-friendly.
9. Use LED Lighting
Switching to LED lighting saves up to 40 percent energy compared to conventional fluorescent tubes. LEDs are longer-lasting, require less maintenance, and are free from mercury, thus offering health benefits as well.
10. Digitize Energy Management
Implementing energy management software makes progress measurable and visible. The software from Global Changer enables monitoring emissions, planning measures, and distributing responsibilities within the company.
Integrate Sustainability into Corporate Strategy
Individual measures are important, but they only unfold their full impact when they become part of a long-term strategy. This initially includes developing a clear roadmap: from creating a CO₂ balance to defining reduction targets and implementing and measuring them.
Crucially, the involvement of all relevant stakeholders is essential. Only when investors, customers, suppliers, and especially employees are convinced can a transformation succeed. Green teams, composed of members from various departments, have proven to be effective instruments. They pool expertise, develop ideas, and contribute to establishing a culture of sustainability.
A central element of any strategy is setting science-based targets. The SBTi (Science Based Targets initiative) provides an internationally recognized framework. Companies commit to formulating their targets in alignment with climate goals. More about this can be found in the article SBTi explained simply.
The implementation requires continuous monitoring and transparent reporting. This circles back to the CSRD: it obliges companies to disclose progress and document it verifiably. The CSRD is the decisive regulatory framework that indicates the direction and aligns companies toward climate neutrality in the long term.
The reduction of CO₂ emissions is not only an ecological imperative but also a central success factor for companies. Those who act early save costs, gain new customers, and strengthen their own resilience. Strategic foundations such as the CSRD form the framework, while practical measures provide the direct entry point.
Frequently Asked Questions
How can companies reduce CO₂?
There are many starting points to lower emissions. Companies often begin with transitioning to renewable energies, more efficient energy use in buildings and processes, and sustainably designing the supply chain. Reducing business trips, promoting climate-friendly mobility such as job tickets or bicycle leasing, and investing in CO₂ compensation measures also contribute. An integral approach that connects short-term measures with a long-term strategy is essential.
Why should companies prioritize CO₂ reduction?
The urgency is high: The IPCC warns that global warming will exceed 2 °C by mid-century unless emissions are significantly reduced. For companies, this means that those who act early not only mitigate risks but also gain tangible advantages. These include lower energy costs, greater resilience to market and price risks, and a better standing with customers, investors, and skilled workers. CO₂ reduction is thus both a contribution to climate protection and a central success factor for one's own future viability.
What benefits does CO₂ reduction bring to companies?
The benefits are manifold. In the short term, energy costs and operating expenses can be reduced. At the same time, attractiveness as an employer increases, as sustainability is a decisive factor for many employees. Companies that consistently integrate sustainability into their strategies also promote innovations and collaboration within the organization. Studies show that companies with a clear sustainability agenda are twice as likely to seize new business opportunities.
What role does the CSRD play?
The Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) is the most important regulatory framework for companies in the EU. It requires detailed reporting on emissions, climate targets, and progress according to ESRS standards. This means that CO₂ reduction is no longer a voluntary measure, but a legal obligation. Companies that meet the requirements additionally benefit from greater transparency, better comparability, and a clear roadmap toward climate neutrality.
What measures can be quickly implemented?
Some measures do not require large investments but have an immediate impact. These include switching to LED lighting, lowering room temperature, introducing job tickets, or promoting remote work. Digitizing document processes or having a structured maintenance plan for machines and equipment also directly contribute to CO₂ reduction. These steps are particularly suitable for achieving short-term savings and making initial successes visible.
How can the transition to renewable energies succeed?
Companies can start by switching to green electricity, which is usually straightforward through the energy supplier. Greater effects come from producing renewable energy themselves, for example, through photovoltaic systems on rooftops. Additionally, battery storage can be used to save excess energy for later use. This makes operations less dependent on fluctuating energy prices, significantly improves the CO₂ balance, and enables companies to make a measurable contribution to the energy transition.
References
IPCC: Summary for Policymakers – Global Warming of 1.5°C (2018)
https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2022/06/SR15_Full_Report_LR.pdf
Our World in Data: Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector (2023)
https://ourworldindata.org/ghg-emissions-by-sector
Stanford Social Innovation Review: Engaging Employees to Create a Sustainable Business (2023)
https://ssir.org/articles/entry/engaging_employees_to_create_a_sustainable_business
Greenpeace: Working After Corona – Why Home Office is Good for the Climate (2020)
https://www.greenpeace.de/publikationen/arbeiten-nach-corona-warum-homeoffice-gut-fuers-klima-ist
EFRAG: VSME Standard (2024)
https://www.efrag.org/sites/default/files/sites/webpublishing/SiteAssets/VSME%20Standard.pdf
Greenpeace: Climate Protection in Small Office Spaces (2023)
https://www.greenpeace.de/klimaschutz/mobilitaet/klimaschutz-kleinraumbuero#:~:text=Dateigr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe%3A%203.97%20MB-,Herunterladen,-Jetzt%20teilen%3A
CDP: Environmental supply chain risks to cost companies $120 billion by 2026 (2021)
https://www.cdp.net/en/press-releases/environmental-supply-chain-risks-to-cost-companies-120-billion-by-2026
Citadini de Oliveira, C.; Catão Martins Vaz, I.; & Ghisi, E.: Retrofit strategies to improve energy efficiency in buildings: An integrative review (2024)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114624
McDougall, N.; & Davis, A.: The local supply chain during disruption: Establishing resilient networks for the future (2024)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142743
IPCC: Summary for Policymakers. In: Global Warming of 1.5°C (2018)
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157940.001
Kotz, M.; Levermann, A.; & Wenz, L.: The economic commitment of climate change (2024)
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07219-0
Climate change is no longer an abstract threat, but a reality. Extreme weather events, heat records, and melting glaciers highlight that action must be taken. Only through rapid, deep, and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions can the 1.5 or at least the 2-degree target still be met (IPCC, 2018). Climate protection is thus no longer just an option, but an urgent necessity – for society as well as for the economy. By reducing emissions, businesses actively contribute to achieving climate goals while securing their own future viability.
This article shows why the reduction of CO₂ emissions is indispensable for companies, how regulatory frameworks affect it, and which ten practical tips can be implemented immediately. It also discusses how climate protection can be integrated into corporate strategies in the long run. Companies thus receive both in-depth background knowledge and concrete approaches for starting a comprehensive climate strategy.
Basics of CO₂ Reduction
Why Companies Must Act Now
The causes of CO₂ emissions in companies are diverse. They arise not only from direct energy consumption in buildings and production facilities but also from mobility, business trips, waste, procurement, and especially in the supply chain. Studies show that the energy sector dominates with over 70 percent of global emissions, while agriculture, industry, and waste management contribute significant portions (Our World in Data, 2023). Companies therefore have numerous levers to address – and they bear a special responsibility because their activities have direct and indirect impacts on society and the environment.
This is not just about ecological responsibility. Scientific analyses clarify that the costs of future climate damages will be many times higher than the investments required today for effective emission reductions. A recent study shows that by 2050, enormous damages will befall the global economy if decisive action is not taken. Investments in climate protection are therefore significantly cheaper in the long term than inaction and simultaneously prevent even more severe consequences in the latter half of the century (Kotz et al., 2024). Moreover, reducing emissions saves costs in ongoing operations, avoids risks, and strengthens one's competitiveness. Even small changes, such as lowering the room temperature by one degree, can reduce energy consumption by about six percent. On a larger scale, investments in renewable energies or sustainable supply chains are crucial for remaining successful in the long term.
Benefits of Climate Protection Measures
Climate protection pays off from several perspectives. Companies that reduce CO₂ benefit from lower energy costs, more stable supply chains, and greater resilience to price fluctuations. At the same time, they improve their image with customers, investors, and (potential) employees. Studies show that more than half of employees would hesitate to work for a company that does not take ecological matters seriously (Stanford Social Innovation Review, 2023). Therefore, sustainability is not only a moral imperative but also a tool for securing skilled labor.
Furthermore, new business opportunities arise: Companies that develop innovative, climate-friendly products and services position themselves as pioneers and secure competitive advantages. Climate protection thus has an effect on three levels: ecological, economic, and social.
CO₂ and CO₂e: Basics for Accounting
To reduce emissions, companies must first understand where they occur. In practice, 'CO₂' is often used, but the correct term is CO₂e (CO₂ equivalents). This encompasses not only carbon dioxide but also other greenhouse gases like methane or nitrous oxide that have a significantly higher greenhouse potential (IPCC, 2018).
Accounting is done according to the so-called Scopes:
Scope 1: Direct emissions, e.g., from heating, own vehicles, or production facilities.
Scope 2: Indirect emissions from purchased energy such as electricity or district heating.
Scope 3: Other indirect emissions, for example, from the supply chain, business trips, or the use of products.
Scope 3 often makes the largest contribution but is also the most difficult to track. Therefore, companies should create a comprehensive CO₂ balance that takes all scopes into account. Modern solutions such as the software from Global Changer facilitate this task and provide a solid foundation for reduction measures.
Regulatory Framework: Why the CSRD is Central
Regulatory requirements for companies are rising rapidly. The CSRD (Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive), which applies in the European Union, is particularly relevant. It obliges more and more companies to transparently present their sustainability performance – not just roughly but according to detailed standards known as ESRS (European Sustainability Reporting Standards).
The CSRD requires companies to comprehensively record their emissions, establish clear reduction targets, and report progress in a verifiable manner. It is closely linked to the EU taxonomy, which defines what economic activities are considered sustainable. Thus, the CSRD is the central framework that companies must orient themselves toward. It goes far beyond voluntary initiatives and makes sustainability reporting a requirement.
Those who wish to delve into the details of implementing the CSRD will find a helpful overview of the most important innovations and challenges in the CSRD omnibus article from Global Changer.
An additional framework expressly recommended by the EU is the VSME (Voluntary Standard for SMEs), which was developed specifically for small and medium-sized enterprises that do not fall directly under the CSRD but still wish to implement structured ESG reporting. The standard is voluntary, but it aligns with the ESRS and offers a simplified structure for sustainability reports. It enables companies to gradually approach the CSRD requirements while also being compatible with the supply chain requirements of larger companies (EFRAG, 2024).
Ten Practical Tips for CO₂ Reduction
Strategic frameworks are important, but without concrete measures, they remain abstract. Therefore, it pays off to tackle this on the level of everyday work. The following ten tips show how companies can directly reduce emissions – practically and often tested.
1. Sustainable Procurement
The supply chain is the largest emission driver in many companies (CDP, 2021). By choosing sustainable suppliers, using environmentally friendly materials, and shifting to regional partners, emissions can be significantly reduced. Additionally, resilience increases, as regional supply chains are often more stable (McDougall & Davis, 2024).
2. Avoid and Recycle Waste
An effective waste management system not only improves the environmental balance but also saves costs. Digital document processes reduce paper consumption, while recycling programs and zero-waste initiatives provide additional benefits. Even though these measures may seem less spectacular, they contribute to a sustainable corporate culture.
3. Promote Green Commuting
Mobility causes significant emissions. Companies can counteract this by offering employees job tickets for public transport, establishing bike leasing models, or promoting car-sharing. Flexible working time models and the selection of a well-connected location also contribute to reducing commuting (Greenpeace, 2023).
4. Optimize Buildings Energy-wise
Improving building insulation is one of the most effective levers. Even small measures like installing smart thermostats can significantly reduce energy consumption. For new constructions, high standards should be prioritized from the outset, while renovations are worthwhile for existing buildings (Citadini de Oliveira et al., 2024).
5. Regular Maintenance
Many emissions result from inefficient systems. Leaks in compressed air systems or poorly maintained machines lead to energy losses. A structured maintenance plan extends the lifespan of equipment, reduces operating costs, and cuts emissions.
6. Enable Remote Work
Home office is not only a factor of flexibility but also an effective measure for emission reduction. If 25 percent of employees in Germany work from home for one day a week, 1.6 million tons of CO₂ can be saved annually (Greenpeace, 2020). Companies also benefit from more satisfied employees.
7. Raise Awareness and Train
Technical measures alone are not enough. Only when employees are informed about the importance of sustainability and actively involved can initiatives reach their full impact. Training, workshops, and inclusion in decision-making processes help create a shared understanding (Stanford Social Innovation Review, 2023).
8. Reduce Business Trips
Air travel is a significant emission driver. Companies should evaluate whether video conferences, train rides, or long-distance buses provide alternatives. On international flights, choosing economy class is significantly more climate-friendly.
9. Use LED Lighting
Switching to LED lighting saves up to 40 percent energy compared to conventional fluorescent tubes. LEDs are longer-lasting, require less maintenance, and are free from mercury, thus offering health benefits as well.
10. Digitize Energy Management
Implementing energy management software makes progress measurable and visible. The software from Global Changer enables monitoring emissions, planning measures, and distributing responsibilities within the company.
Integrate Sustainability into Corporate Strategy
Individual measures are important, but they only unfold their full impact when they become part of a long-term strategy. This initially includes developing a clear roadmap: from creating a CO₂ balance to defining reduction targets and implementing and measuring them.
Crucially, the involvement of all relevant stakeholders is essential. Only when investors, customers, suppliers, and especially employees are convinced can a transformation succeed. Green teams, composed of members from various departments, have proven to be effective instruments. They pool expertise, develop ideas, and contribute to establishing a culture of sustainability.
A central element of any strategy is setting science-based targets. The SBTi (Science Based Targets initiative) provides an internationally recognized framework. Companies commit to formulating their targets in alignment with climate goals. More about this can be found in the article SBTi explained simply.
The implementation requires continuous monitoring and transparent reporting. This circles back to the CSRD: it obliges companies to disclose progress and document it verifiably. The CSRD is the decisive regulatory framework that indicates the direction and aligns companies toward climate neutrality in the long term.
The reduction of CO₂ emissions is not only an ecological imperative but also a central success factor for companies. Those who act early save costs, gain new customers, and strengthen their own resilience. Strategic foundations such as the CSRD form the framework, while practical measures provide the direct entry point.
Frequently Asked Questions
How can companies reduce CO₂?
There are many starting points to lower emissions. Companies often begin with transitioning to renewable energies, more efficient energy use in buildings and processes, and sustainably designing the supply chain. Reducing business trips, promoting climate-friendly mobility such as job tickets or bicycle leasing, and investing in CO₂ compensation measures also contribute. An integral approach that connects short-term measures with a long-term strategy is essential.
Why should companies prioritize CO₂ reduction?
The urgency is high: The IPCC warns that global warming will exceed 2 °C by mid-century unless emissions are significantly reduced. For companies, this means that those who act early not only mitigate risks but also gain tangible advantages. These include lower energy costs, greater resilience to market and price risks, and a better standing with customers, investors, and skilled workers. CO₂ reduction is thus both a contribution to climate protection and a central success factor for one's own future viability.
What benefits does CO₂ reduction bring to companies?
The benefits are manifold. In the short term, energy costs and operating expenses can be reduced. At the same time, attractiveness as an employer increases, as sustainability is a decisive factor for many employees. Companies that consistently integrate sustainability into their strategies also promote innovations and collaboration within the organization. Studies show that companies with a clear sustainability agenda are twice as likely to seize new business opportunities.
What role does the CSRD play?
The Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) is the most important regulatory framework for companies in the EU. It requires detailed reporting on emissions, climate targets, and progress according to ESRS standards. This means that CO₂ reduction is no longer a voluntary measure, but a legal obligation. Companies that meet the requirements additionally benefit from greater transparency, better comparability, and a clear roadmap toward climate neutrality.
What measures can be quickly implemented?
Some measures do not require large investments but have an immediate impact. These include switching to LED lighting, lowering room temperature, introducing job tickets, or promoting remote work. Digitizing document processes or having a structured maintenance plan for machines and equipment also directly contribute to CO₂ reduction. These steps are particularly suitable for achieving short-term savings and making initial successes visible.
How can the transition to renewable energies succeed?
Companies can start by switching to green electricity, which is usually straightforward through the energy supplier. Greater effects come from producing renewable energy themselves, for example, through photovoltaic systems on rooftops. Additionally, battery storage can be used to save excess energy for later use. This makes operations less dependent on fluctuating energy prices, significantly improves the CO₂ balance, and enables companies to make a measurable contribution to the energy transition.
References
IPCC: Summary for Policymakers – Global Warming of 1.5°C (2018)
https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2022/06/SR15_Full_Report_LR.pdf
Our World in Data: Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector (2023)
https://ourworldindata.org/ghg-emissions-by-sector
Stanford Social Innovation Review: Engaging Employees to Create a Sustainable Business (2023)
https://ssir.org/articles/entry/engaging_employees_to_create_a_sustainable_business
Greenpeace: Working After Corona – Why Home Office is Good for the Climate (2020)
https://www.greenpeace.de/publikationen/arbeiten-nach-corona-warum-homeoffice-gut-fuers-klima-ist
EFRAG: VSME Standard (2024)
https://www.efrag.org/sites/default/files/sites/webpublishing/SiteAssets/VSME%20Standard.pdf
Greenpeace: Climate Protection in Small Office Spaces (2023)
https://www.greenpeace.de/klimaschutz/mobilitaet/klimaschutz-kleinraumbuero#:~:text=Dateigr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe%3A%203.97%20MB-,Herunterladen,-Jetzt%20teilen%3A
CDP: Environmental supply chain risks to cost companies $120 billion by 2026 (2021)
https://www.cdp.net/en/press-releases/environmental-supply-chain-risks-to-cost-companies-120-billion-by-2026
Citadini de Oliveira, C.; Catão Martins Vaz, I.; & Ghisi, E.: Retrofit strategies to improve energy efficiency in buildings: An integrative review (2024)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114624
McDougall, N.; & Davis, A.: The local supply chain during disruption: Establishing resilient networks for the future (2024)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142743
IPCC: Summary for Policymakers. In: Global Warming of 1.5°C (2018)
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157940.001
Kotz, M.; Levermann, A.; & Wenz, L.: The economic commitment of climate change (2024)
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07219-0
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